Some Important Points, Chapter 13, Due 1/21/20
Chapter 13 Political Transformations Empires and Encounters 1450-1750
I. Introduction
1. "Memories of these earlier empires continue to shape understanding of current events and perhaps to inspire actions in present as well" (Strayer, 553).
a. Putin seizes Crimea and pressures Ukraine to stay Russian
b. Economic/political ressurgence of Turkey refered to as rebuilding the Ottoman Empire.
2. "Within those imperial systems, vast transformations took place: old societies were destroyed, and new societies arose as Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans came into sustained contact with one another for the first time in world history. It was a revolutionary encounter with implications that extended far beyond the Americas themselves" (Strayer, 553-554).
3. Expanse of Siberia (Russia constructed world's largest territorial empire), Qing dynasty penetrated deep into Asia (doubling size of country), Islamic Mughal Empire brought hindus and muslims together peacefully and violently, and Turkish Ottoman Empire posted military threat to Christian kingdoms.
4. "Those relationships represented a new stage in the globalization process and new areanas of cross cultural encounter" (Strayer, 554).
II. European Empires in the Americas
1. "Europeans extended their empires to encompass most of the Americas...by mid-eighteenth century" (Strayer, 554).
a. Spanish were in the Caribbean than focused on conquring the Aztec and Inca Empires mainland.
b. Portuguese established along Brazil's coast.
c. British, French, Dutch had colonial settlements along E. coast of N. America.
A. The European Advantage
1. European Advantage
a. Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France were located closer to the Americas.
b. Atlantic winds blew in that direction, different environment than monsoon winds of Indian Ocean.
c. Europeans had innovations in mapmaking, navigationm sailing techniques, and ship design.
d.Rich markets of Indian Ocean gave little incentive for further explorations.
2. Motives to drive Expansion of frontier in Americas
a. Highly productive agricultural lands drove expansion, responsible for long term growth of European economy in 19th and 20th centuries.
b. Rulers driven by competative states. Sought dependence on Asian wealth rather than Muslim.
c. Missionaries wanted to enlarge Christendom via Crusades
d. Wanted to get rich
3. Their states and trading companies enabled effective mobilization of both human and material resources" (Strayer, 557).
a. Gun Powder
b. Horses
c. Cross Atlantic with ease - Seafaring technology
4. "Spanish military victories were not solely of their own making, but the product of alliances with local peoples, who supplied the bulk of the Europeans' conquering armies" (Strayer, 557).
a. Aztec resented Mexica domination and joined Hernan Cortes in Spanish conquests against the empire.
b. Inca welcomed Spanish as liberators, settled with them, shared rule of Andean farmers and miners.
c. Dispute between Atahualpa and Huascar of throne of Incas helped Europeans recruit armies
5. Diseases decimated society after society
a. Europeans were able to outnumber locals in Caribbean, Virginia, and New England
b. Native Americans had no familiarity with diseases
B. The Great Dying and the Little Ice Age
1. "Chief among the consequences was the demographic collapse of the Native American societies" (Strayer, 557).
a. Absence of acquired immunities to Old World diseases: small pox, measles, typhus, influenze, malaria, and yellow fever.
2. Some Native American populations lost 90%
a. Central Mexico precolumbus 10-20 million population, after columbus 1 million in 1650
3. Late 17th century was when Natives began to recooperate, but not everywhere.
4. The Great Dying -> desertion of large areas of farmland -> Ended traditional farm practice of burning -> Resurgence of plant life -> took carbon dioxide out of atmosphere = Global cooling ->less hospitable weather affects food production across globe
5. Cooler climate mid 17th century = General Crisis, subsided in 18th Century w/ favorable weather patterns returning
a. Cold summer reduced harvests in Europe
b. Sahara Desert grew due to S. Hempishere experiencing irregular rainfall
c. Droughts ruined crops in China
d. Famines
e. Epidemics
f. Uprisings
g. Collapse of Ming Dynasty
h. Constant warfare in Europe
i. Civil war in Mughal India
6. Americas Devasted
a. Severe drought 5 yrs after 1639 led to expensive price of Maize left granaries empty, ppl w/o water, plot to declare Mexico's independence from Spain
b. Mosquitoes breeding carrying malaria and yellow fever resulted from El Nino weather in Caribbean region
7. Climate plays role in shaping human history
C. The Columbian Exchange
1. Great Dying and Little Ice Age created acute labor shortage and welcomed immigrants both Europeans and enslaved Africa
2. Africans and Europeans created new societies
a. Plants
1. Wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, and garden vegetables took hold in the Americas. Transformed landscape and European diet.
b. Animals
1. Horses, pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep multiplied w/o predators
2. Ranching economices and cowboy cultures possible in N. and S. America
3. Horses transformed Native American societies - Pawnee left fields to hunt bison from horse back
c. Germs
3. "In Europe, calories derived from corn and potatoes helped push human numbers from 60 million in 1400 to 390 million in 1900" (Strayer, 562).
a. Amerindian crops cheap and nutritious food for millions of industrial workers
b. Irish workers starved as fungus destroyed potatoe crops mid-19th century
c. Chinese added corn, peanuts, and sweet potatoes to their diets, by 20th century 20% of total Chinese food production was reprsented by American food plants
d. Africa corned was used for slaves, corn along with cassava and peanuts offset population drain of slave trade.
e. American food crops: corn, potatoes, and cassava spread in E. Hemisphere
4. Disffusion of plants and animals remake world's biological environment
a. American tobacco and chocolate were popular
1. Chinese use tobacco
b. Tea from China
c. Coffee from Islamic world
5. Societies developed w/i America colonies that drove globalization and reshaped the world economy of the early modern era.
a. Silver mines of Mexico and Peru fuled transatlantic and transpacific commerce, encouraged Spain's unsuccessful effort to dominate Europe, and enabled Europeans to buy Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain.
b. Atlantic slave trade brought Africans to colonies, sugar and cotton, lasting link between Africa, Europe, and Americas, scatters Africans in W. Hemisphere.
6. "This enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals, all generated by European colonial empires in the Americas, has been dubbed the "Columbian exchange" (Strayer, 562-563). And, it connected 4 continents unlike before.
7. Scientific Revolution
a. New way of thinking as new information entered Europe from the Americas
b. W. Europeans dominant players in Atlantic world
c. "The wealth of the colonies - precious metals, natural resources, new food crops, slave labor, financial profits, colonial markets-provided one of the foundations on which Europe's Industrial Revolution was built" (Strayer, 563).
d. Colonies were outlets for growing European populations
e. "Without a New World to deliver economic balance in the Old," concluded a prominent world historian, "Europe would have remained inferior, as ever, in wealth and power, to the great civilizations of Asia" (Strayer, 563).
D. Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
1. Europeans governed new societies
2. Mercantilism- European governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold), believed to be the source of national prosperity (Strayer, 563).
a. Colonies were closed markets for mother country, supplied bullion
b. Mercantilist thinking fueled European wars and colonial rivalries worldwide.
c. Spain had little manufactured goods to sell, piracy and smuggling let Spanish colonists exchange goods with Spain's rivals.
3. Differences grew in colonizing powers, feudal and Catholic Spain and changing Protestant England.
4. Conquests transfered women to new colonial rulers i.e. Cortes pledged alleigance to Tlaxcala and was given 8 women with light skins, corn, chicken, eggs, and tortillas.
5. After conquest Spanish men married elite native women to commence new relationship. Can be beneficial (women inherit wealth). Raped happened.
E. In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas
1. In the early 16th century Spain had acess to the most wealthy, urbanized, densely populated regions of the W. Hemisphere due to conquests in Inca and Aztec land.
a. Before British began colonizing efforts in N. America the Spanish in Mexico and Peru est. nearly dozen major cities, several impressive universities, hundered of cathedrals, churches and missions, elaborate administrative bureacracy, and network of regulated international commerce.
2. "The economic foundation for this emerging colonial society lay in comercial agriculture, much of it on large rural estates, and in silver and gold mining" (Strayer, 564).
a. Native people provided most of the labor, not slaves or Europeans, almost everywhere it was forced labor required by colonial authorities.
1. Encomienda- Spanish Crown gives natives to Spanish settlers for labor, gold, and agricultural produce in turn the settlers owe protection and instruction in Christianity
2. Repartimiento - More control by Crown and settlers
3. Hacienda- Large estates employ native workers with low wages, high taxes, and large debts to settlers
3. Male Spanish settlers at top of society, politically and economically dominant, seeking to be landed aristocracy, residents of Spanish Kingdom (not colonials), yet separate and distinct from Spain
4. Descendants of Conquistadores wanted to protect priviledges from new comers
a. Creoles - Spanish born in the Americas, resented superiority of those born in Spain called Peninsulares.
b. Women shared racial priviledges of husband and were thought of as weak, in need of protect, bearers of civilzation, and could not hold office.
c. Spain was obessed with purity of blood
d. Native Americans and Africans were threats to female virtue
5. Few Spanish women
a. Mestizo- mixed race, mainly product of Spanish men and Indian women
b. Castas - Mestizos were divided into caste groups based on racial heritage and skin color
c. Seven men to one women in early colonial Peru
6. Mestizos were hispanic in culture, but the Spanish looked down on them.
a. Born from improper marriages
b. Made artisans, clerks, supervisors, lower level officials in churches and state burreaucracies led to recognition as distinct social group
c. Mestizas (women) made domestic servants, in husband's shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars in addition to household work.
1. Mencia Perez, iliterate mestizas married 2 Spanish men, inheritted business in 1590s, became rich, no one called her mestiza
7. Bottom of colonial societies of Mexico and Peru were the Indians
a. Indian women were considered minors according to Spanish law
b. Many learned Spanish, converted to Christianity, moved to cities to work for wages, ate beef, chicken,and pigs, used plows and draft animals rather than sticks, took grievances to courts.
8. Local level Indian autonomy was retained
a. Local markets operated regularly
b. Indian women left property to female relatives
c. Maize, beans, squash major diet in Mexico
d. Christian saints blended with indigious gods
e. Folk medicine and communion with dead remained strong
f. Tupac Amaru revolt in Peru 1780-1781 made in name of last Inca emperor and wife Micaela Bastides aka La Coya
9. Indians that acquired wealth, education, and some European culture could pass as mestizo.
F. Colonies of Sugar
1. Lowland areas of Brazil ruled by Portugese, and in Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean
a. Regions lacked great civilizations of Mexico and Peru
b. Lacked in providing mineral wealth until Braziliam gold rush in 1690s and diamonds later
c. Sugar was in demand in Europe
1. Used as medicine, spice, sweetner, preservative, and in sculptures for rich
d. Sugar based colonies produced exclusively for export while importing food and other necessities
2. Transfromed Brazil and Caribbean
a. First modern industry, produced for an international and mass market using capital and expertise from Europe with production facilities located in the Americas.
b. Use of slave labor from Atlantic slave trade, 80% of transported slaves ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean.
c. Growing sugarcane and processing it into usable sugar was labor intensive, profitably occur in large scale, industrial setting.
3. Horrendous conditions in sugar producing estates
a. heat from processing fire
b. disease
c. high death of 5-10% per year rate required import of new slaves regularly
4. Gender imbalances of African slaves, more males imported than females
a. Families torn apart as children were sold as slaves
b. Women worked in urban areas mostly for white female owners and did domestic chores, home laborers, shops, laundries, inns, and brothels.
c. Women recieved same punishments and rations as men
d. Women were seldom permitted to undertake skilled labor in sugar mills
5. Slave labor gave diferent ethnic and racial makeup than Spanish America
a. Brazil's population was wholly and partially of African descent after 3 centuries of colonial rule
b. In French Caribbean colony of Haiti in 1790 it was 93%
6. Mulattoes - product of Portugese-African unions predominated, 40 separate named groups
7. Southern colonies of Britain produced tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo as main crops
a. Defined racial system (black Africans, red Native Americas, and white Europeans)
b. Portugese and Spanish colonies acknowledged a wide variety of mixed race groups.
8. Slaves in N. America were able to reproduce themselves whereas in sugar colonies slaves were constantly being imported
a. More slaves were set free in Brazil than in N.America and Brazilian slaves had more economic opportunity: political leaders, scholars, musicians, writers, artisits, and slave catchers.
b. By the time of the Civil War almost all N. American slaves had been born in the New World.
9. Racism in Brazil was different than in America
a. In America African ancestry made a person black, but in Brazil it was considered a mixed race category.
b. White characteristics were prized more highly than black
c. Whites had greater privileges and opportunities
d. In Brazil and Latin America skin color was prized, but the belief changed with education or economic standing
I. Introduction
1. "Memories of these earlier empires continue to shape understanding of current events and perhaps to inspire actions in present as well" (Strayer, 553).
a. Putin seizes Crimea and pressures Ukraine to stay Russian
b. Economic/political ressurgence of Turkey refered to as rebuilding the Ottoman Empire.
2. "Within those imperial systems, vast transformations took place: old societies were destroyed, and new societies arose as Native Americans, Europeans, and Africans came into sustained contact with one another for the first time in world history. It was a revolutionary encounter with implications that extended far beyond the Americas themselves" (Strayer, 553-554).
3. Expanse of Siberia (Russia constructed world's largest territorial empire), Qing dynasty penetrated deep into Asia (doubling size of country), Islamic Mughal Empire brought hindus and muslims together peacefully and violently, and Turkish Ottoman Empire posted military threat to Christian kingdoms.
4. "Those relationships represented a new stage in the globalization process and new areanas of cross cultural encounter" (Strayer, 554).
II. European Empires in the Americas
1. "Europeans extended their empires to encompass most of the Americas...by mid-eighteenth century" (Strayer, 554).
a. Spanish were in the Caribbean than focused on conquring the Aztec and Inca Empires mainland.
b. Portuguese established along Brazil's coast.
c. British, French, Dutch had colonial settlements along E. coast of N. America.
A. The European Advantage
1. European Advantage
a. Spain, Portugal, Britain, and France were located closer to the Americas.
b. Atlantic winds blew in that direction, different environment than monsoon winds of Indian Ocean.
c. Europeans had innovations in mapmaking, navigationm sailing techniques, and ship design.
d.Rich markets of Indian Ocean gave little incentive for further explorations.
2. Motives to drive Expansion of frontier in Americas
a. Highly productive agricultural lands drove expansion, responsible for long term growth of European economy in 19th and 20th centuries.
b. Rulers driven by competative states. Sought dependence on Asian wealth rather than Muslim.
c. Missionaries wanted to enlarge Christendom via Crusades
d. Wanted to get rich
3. Their states and trading companies enabled effective mobilization of both human and material resources" (Strayer, 557).
a. Gun Powder
b. Horses
c. Cross Atlantic with ease - Seafaring technology
4. "Spanish military victories were not solely of their own making, but the product of alliances with local peoples, who supplied the bulk of the Europeans' conquering armies" (Strayer, 557).
a. Aztec resented Mexica domination and joined Hernan Cortes in Spanish conquests against the empire.
b. Inca welcomed Spanish as liberators, settled with them, shared rule of Andean farmers and miners.
c. Dispute between Atahualpa and Huascar of throne of Incas helped Europeans recruit armies
5. Diseases decimated society after society
a. Europeans were able to outnumber locals in Caribbean, Virginia, and New England
b. Native Americans had no familiarity with diseases
B. The Great Dying and the Little Ice Age
1. "Chief among the consequences was the demographic collapse of the Native American societies" (Strayer, 557).
a. Absence of acquired immunities to Old World diseases: small pox, measles, typhus, influenze, malaria, and yellow fever.
2. Some Native American populations lost 90%
a. Central Mexico precolumbus 10-20 million population, after columbus 1 million in 1650
3. Late 17th century was when Natives began to recooperate, but not everywhere.
4. The Great Dying -> desertion of large areas of farmland -> Ended traditional farm practice of burning -> Resurgence of plant life -> took carbon dioxide out of atmosphere = Global cooling ->less hospitable weather affects food production across globe
5. Cooler climate mid 17th century = General Crisis, subsided in 18th Century w/ favorable weather patterns returning
a. Cold summer reduced harvests in Europe
b. Sahara Desert grew due to S. Hempishere experiencing irregular rainfall
c. Droughts ruined crops in China
d. Famines
e. Epidemics
f. Uprisings
g. Collapse of Ming Dynasty
h. Constant warfare in Europe
i. Civil war in Mughal India
6. Americas Devasted
a. Severe drought 5 yrs after 1639 led to expensive price of Maize left granaries empty, ppl w/o water, plot to declare Mexico's independence from Spain
b. Mosquitoes breeding carrying malaria and yellow fever resulted from El Nino weather in Caribbean region
7. Climate plays role in shaping human history
C. The Columbian Exchange
1. Great Dying and Little Ice Age created acute labor shortage and welcomed immigrants both Europeans and enslaved Africa
2. Africans and Europeans created new societies
a. Plants
1. Wheat, rice, sugarcane, grapes, and garden vegetables took hold in the Americas. Transformed landscape and European diet.
b. Animals
1. Horses, pigs, cattle, goats, and sheep multiplied w/o predators
2. Ranching economices and cowboy cultures possible in N. and S. America
3. Horses transformed Native American societies - Pawnee left fields to hunt bison from horse back
c. Germs
3. "In Europe, calories derived from corn and potatoes helped push human numbers from 60 million in 1400 to 390 million in 1900" (Strayer, 562).
a. Amerindian crops cheap and nutritious food for millions of industrial workers
b. Irish workers starved as fungus destroyed potatoe crops mid-19th century
c. Chinese added corn, peanuts, and sweet potatoes to their diets, by 20th century 20% of total Chinese food production was reprsented by American food plants
d. Africa corned was used for slaves, corn along with cassava and peanuts offset population drain of slave trade.
e. American food crops: corn, potatoes, and cassava spread in E. Hemisphere
4. Disffusion of plants and animals remake world's biological environment
a. American tobacco and chocolate were popular
1. Chinese use tobacco
b. Tea from China
c. Coffee from Islamic world
5. Societies developed w/i America colonies that drove globalization and reshaped the world economy of the early modern era.
a. Silver mines of Mexico and Peru fuled transatlantic and transpacific commerce, encouraged Spain's unsuccessful effort to dominate Europe, and enabled Europeans to buy Chinese tea, silk, and porcelain.
b. Atlantic slave trade brought Africans to colonies, sugar and cotton, lasting link between Africa, Europe, and Americas, scatters Africans in W. Hemisphere.
6. "This enormous network of communication, migration, trade, disease, and the transfer of plants and animals, all generated by European colonial empires in the Americas, has been dubbed the "Columbian exchange" (Strayer, 562-563). And, it connected 4 continents unlike before.
7. Scientific Revolution
a. New way of thinking as new information entered Europe from the Americas
b. W. Europeans dominant players in Atlantic world
c. "The wealth of the colonies - precious metals, natural resources, new food crops, slave labor, financial profits, colonial markets-provided one of the foundations on which Europe's Industrial Revolution was built" (Strayer, 563).
d. Colonies were outlets for growing European populations
e. "Without a New World to deliver economic balance in the Old," concluded a prominent world historian, "Europe would have remained inferior, as ever, in wealth and power, to the great civilizations of Asia" (Strayer, 563).
D. Comparing Colonial Societies in the Americas
1. Europeans governed new societies
2. Mercantilism- European governments served their countries' economic interests best by encouraging exports and accumulating bullion (precious metals such as silver and gold), believed to be the source of national prosperity (Strayer, 563).
a. Colonies were closed markets for mother country, supplied bullion
b. Mercantilist thinking fueled European wars and colonial rivalries worldwide.
c. Spain had little manufactured goods to sell, piracy and smuggling let Spanish colonists exchange goods with Spain's rivals.
3. Differences grew in colonizing powers, feudal and Catholic Spain and changing Protestant England.
4. Conquests transfered women to new colonial rulers i.e. Cortes pledged alleigance to Tlaxcala and was given 8 women with light skins, corn, chicken, eggs, and tortillas.
5. After conquest Spanish men married elite native women to commence new relationship. Can be beneficial (women inherit wealth). Raped happened.
E. In the Lands of the Aztecs and the Incas
1. In the early 16th century Spain had acess to the most wealthy, urbanized, densely populated regions of the W. Hemisphere due to conquests in Inca and Aztec land.
a. Before British began colonizing efforts in N. America the Spanish in Mexico and Peru est. nearly dozen major cities, several impressive universities, hundered of cathedrals, churches and missions, elaborate administrative bureacracy, and network of regulated international commerce.
2. "The economic foundation for this emerging colonial society lay in comercial agriculture, much of it on large rural estates, and in silver and gold mining" (Strayer, 564).
a. Native people provided most of the labor, not slaves or Europeans, almost everywhere it was forced labor required by colonial authorities.
1. Encomienda- Spanish Crown gives natives to Spanish settlers for labor, gold, and agricultural produce in turn the settlers owe protection and instruction in Christianity
2. Repartimiento - More control by Crown and settlers
3. Hacienda- Large estates employ native workers with low wages, high taxes, and large debts to settlers
3. Male Spanish settlers at top of society, politically and economically dominant, seeking to be landed aristocracy, residents of Spanish Kingdom (not colonials), yet separate and distinct from Spain
4. Descendants of Conquistadores wanted to protect priviledges from new comers
a. Creoles - Spanish born in the Americas, resented superiority of those born in Spain called Peninsulares.
b. Women shared racial priviledges of husband and were thought of as weak, in need of protect, bearers of civilzation, and could not hold office.
c. Spain was obessed with purity of blood
d. Native Americans and Africans were threats to female virtue
5. Few Spanish women
a. Mestizo- mixed race, mainly product of Spanish men and Indian women
b. Castas - Mestizos were divided into caste groups based on racial heritage and skin color
c. Seven men to one women in early colonial Peru
6. Mestizos were hispanic in culture, but the Spanish looked down on them.
a. Born from improper marriages
b. Made artisans, clerks, supervisors, lower level officials in churches and state burreaucracies led to recognition as distinct social group
c. Mestizas (women) made domestic servants, in husband's shops, wove cloth, manufactured candles and cigars in addition to household work.
1. Mencia Perez, iliterate mestizas married 2 Spanish men, inheritted business in 1590s, became rich, no one called her mestiza
7. Bottom of colonial societies of Mexico and Peru were the Indians
a. Indian women were considered minors according to Spanish law
b. Many learned Spanish, converted to Christianity, moved to cities to work for wages, ate beef, chicken,and pigs, used plows and draft animals rather than sticks, took grievances to courts.
8. Local level Indian autonomy was retained
a. Local markets operated regularly
b. Indian women left property to female relatives
c. Maize, beans, squash major diet in Mexico
d. Christian saints blended with indigious gods
e. Folk medicine and communion with dead remained strong
f. Tupac Amaru revolt in Peru 1780-1781 made in name of last Inca emperor and wife Micaela Bastides aka La Coya
9. Indians that acquired wealth, education, and some European culture could pass as mestizo.
F. Colonies of Sugar
1. Lowland areas of Brazil ruled by Portugese, and in Spanish, British, French, and Dutch colonies in the Caribbean
a. Regions lacked great civilizations of Mexico and Peru
b. Lacked in providing mineral wealth until Braziliam gold rush in 1690s and diamonds later
c. Sugar was in demand in Europe
1. Used as medicine, spice, sweetner, preservative, and in sculptures for rich
d. Sugar based colonies produced exclusively for export while importing food and other necessities
2. Transfromed Brazil and Caribbean
a. First modern industry, produced for an international and mass market using capital and expertise from Europe with production facilities located in the Americas.
b. Use of slave labor from Atlantic slave trade, 80% of transported slaves ended up in Brazil and the Caribbean.
c. Growing sugarcane and processing it into usable sugar was labor intensive, profitably occur in large scale, industrial setting.
3. Horrendous conditions in sugar producing estates
a. heat from processing fire
b. disease
c. high death of 5-10% per year rate required import of new slaves regularly
4. Gender imbalances of African slaves, more males imported than females
a. Families torn apart as children were sold as slaves
b. Women worked in urban areas mostly for white female owners and did domestic chores, home laborers, shops, laundries, inns, and brothels.
c. Women recieved same punishments and rations as men
d. Women were seldom permitted to undertake skilled labor in sugar mills
5. Slave labor gave diferent ethnic and racial makeup than Spanish America
a. Brazil's population was wholly and partially of African descent after 3 centuries of colonial rule
b. In French Caribbean colony of Haiti in 1790 it was 93%
6. Mulattoes - product of Portugese-African unions predominated, 40 separate named groups
7. Southern colonies of Britain produced tobacco, cotton, rice, and indigo as main crops
a. Defined racial system (black Africans, red Native Americas, and white Europeans)
b. Portugese and Spanish colonies acknowledged a wide variety of mixed race groups.
8. Slaves in N. America were able to reproduce themselves whereas in sugar colonies slaves were constantly being imported
a. More slaves were set free in Brazil than in N.America and Brazilian slaves had more economic opportunity: political leaders, scholars, musicians, writers, artisits, and slave catchers.
b. By the time of the Civil War almost all N. American slaves had been born in the New World.
9. Racism in Brazil was different than in America
a. In America African ancestry made a person black, but in Brazil it was considered a mixed race category.
b. White characteristics were prized more highly than black
c. Whites had greater privileges and opportunities
d. In Brazil and Latin America skin color was prized, but the belief changed with education or economic standing
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