Chapter 16 part 1 and part 2 due 2/18/20 and 2/20/20
Chapter 16: Atlantic Revolutions, Global Echoes 1750-1914
Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
1) 1730s
a. Safavid Dynasty of Persia collapsed.
b. Mughal empire in India fragmented.
c. Wahhabi movement in Arabia threatened the Ottoman Empire.
d. Under Catherine the Great, the Russian Empire peaseant uprisings (most noteable was Cossack commander Pugachev in 1773).
e. Taiping revolution in China from 1850-1864, serious rebellions in China.
f. Begining 19th century Islamic revolutions shook W. Africa.
g. S. Africa wars and migrations (mfecane) created new states and societies out of violence.
2) Costly wars strained European imperial states.
a. Britain, France, Spain, Seven Year's War (1754-1763).
b. Costs prompt Britain and France to increase taxes on their colonies and land owners.
c. Taxation triggers revolutions.
3) Atlantic Basin exchanges occured intellectually, culturally, biologically, and commercially.
a. Shared across the ocean by books, newspapers, and pamphlets. Abadoning right of king and church, controlled trade, and aristocratic priveledges. Favoring, arrangements in terms of social and political actions, new ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, human rationality, and "popular sovereignty"- authority to govern came from people, not God.
b. Englishman John Locke (1632-1704) argued the "social contract" between ruler and ruled and should last as long as it serves the people well.
c. Revolutionary French armies invaded Egypt, Poland, Germany, and Russia; spread ideas of change. Abolishment of slavery, right to vote, develop constitutions, further female equality.
4) American Revolution
a. Result of Englightenment ideals and oppressive British taxation imposing taxes without colonies consent and without their representation in British parliament.
b. Conservative movement that preserved exsisting liberties rather than create new ones. Colonists had democractic tendencies.
c. Few thought of breaking from England prior due to military protection, access to British markets, identity of settlers as Englishmen.
d. Adam Smith
e. James Madison - The Federalist Papers, revolution was new and noble course
f. New US constitution: Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, federalism
5) French Revolution
a. 1789, Louis XVI , called for representative body Estates General, consisting of males from clergy, nobility, and commoners to discuss imposing taxes on the upper classes, which was rejected by the upper classes. Reps from 3rd Estate organized in National Assembly and claimed sole authority to make laws in country, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- men remain free and equal in rights.
b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau- against natural law for small elite to get fat while majority goes hungry.
c. National Assembly decreed end of all legal priviledges and eliminated feudalism in France. Slavery was abolished. Church lands were sold to raise revenue. Priests were put under government authority. Eventually, granted right to religion to Jews and Protestants.
d. After King and Queen execution, Terror of 1793-1794 under Maximilien Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety enemies of the revolution were killed. Robespierre was killed because of leading France into tyranny and dictatorship.
e. France became a republic and male suffrage was promoted. Old system of administration was rationalized into 83 territorial departments. The French implemented new calendar with 1 starting in 1792, looking ahead to start over with new ideals.
f. France has world's largest army (800,000 men) as it faces threats from neighbors.
g. Question of political female equality in France. 7000 Parisian women protested in Bastille Day. Women signed petitions with complaints: prostituion, male competition in female job market, price of bread, price of soap.
h. Women were not to be domineering otherwise that would make them men, so they were not granted political rights.
i. Replaced Catholic Church in registering births, marriages, deaths, and revolutionary holidays replaced religious.
j. French influence spread by conquest under Napolean Bonaparte (1799-1814). He preserved civil equality, secular law code, religious freedom, promotion by merit while reconciling with Catholic Church. He craeted the French empire as the largest since days of Rome. He ended feudalism, proclaimed equality in rights, promoted religious tolerance, codifyed laws, rationalized government administration. National resistence from Russia and Britain brought down Napolean in 1815.
6) The Haiti Revolution 1791-1804
a. Richest colony in world, 8000 plantations, produced 40% of world's sugar and half of its coffee.
b. Grand blancs- the rich white landowners wanted great autonomy for colony and fewer economic restrictions and were against the petits blancs- wanted equality of citizenship for all whites. Both were against freedom of the colored man.
c. Slave leader Toussaint Louverture overcame internal resistence, foreign powers, Napolean's attempt to reestablish French control.
d. Only successful slave revolt in history.
e. Formal declaration of Haiti's independence was January 1, 1804 with Jean-Jaques Dessalines as country's first head of state.
f. Haiti recognized all citizens as black and legally equal regardless of class or color.
g. Country's plantations for coffee and sugar were destroyed. Farmers produced for own need rather than previous export needs.
h. Means to end slavery rather than establishing political rights.
i. Napolean's defeat in Haiti encouraged him to sell the Lousiana purchase to the US.
7) Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1825
a. Spain wanted greater power and increased taxes over colonies.
b. Creoles were familiar with Enlightenment ideals: popular soveignty, republican governemnt, and personal liberty.
c. Spanish colonies were governed in an authoritarian fashion unlike British, and were divided sharply in class, -> delay of movement of independence.
d. In 1808 Napolean invaded Spain and Portugal and removed King Ferdinand VII and exhiled Portugese royalty to Brazil. Latin colonies were in disarray which ended with most gaining independence by 1826. In 1810 peasants revolted as a result of hunger for land and high food prices; it was led by priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos which was crushed by an army raised from creole landowners and church. Later the church and creole landowners brought Mexico to a socially controlled indepedence in 1821.
e. Latin American women were excluded from political life and remained under the control of their families, though some hosted revolutionary meetings and raised money, they were punished.
f. Latin Americans could not unite the colonies due to geography and poor communication.
g. Simon Bolivar and San Martin
h. Latin America became undeveloped, impoverished, undemocractic, politically unstable, and dependent of foreign technology and investment.
8) Echoes of Revolution
a. Britain became involved in Asia after its American loss, colonizing India and tangled in the Opium Wars in China
9) The Abolition of Slavery
a. Enlightenment thinkers in Europe thought of slavery as violating natural rights of every man.
b. England and New England were the prosperous regions and were based on free labor.
c. The Great Jamaica Revolution 1831-1832 promoted Britain to abolish slavery throughout its empire in 1833.
d. New era of industrial technology and capitalism linked moral virtue and economic success.
e. Russian tzar freed serfs out of fear of rebellion, economic inefficiency, and morality in 1861.
f. Labor shortages and new migration due to reluctance of slave workers to work plantations. Sharecropping replaced slavery in US, low wage and indebted workers.
g. South, blacks faced segregation laws, denial of voting rights, lynching, and racism.
h. Russia transferred land to peasants who remained indebted, Russia's peasant population grew and remained impoverished and politically volatile.
i. Europeans imposed colonial rule in Africa in the 19th century.
j. Islamic world there was no grassroots antislavery movements, but outlawed in the 20th century under international pressure.
10) Nations and Nationalism
a. Human community- the nation, was a result of the Atlantic Revolutions. The idea that humankind is divided into separate nations, each with distinct culture and territory, deserving an independent political life. People felt to be citizens of a nation tied by blood. Can draw on linguistic and cultural idenities. 1871 nationalism inspired the unification of both Germany and Italy. Greeks and Serbs asserted their independence from the Ottoman Empire. Czechs and Hungarians demanded more autonomy within the Austrian Empire. Poles and Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression in the Russian Empire. Irish sought home rule and separation from Great Britian. Zionist movement, seeking homeland in Palestine. Governments acted for their nation and instilled national loyality in their citizens, usually through school, public rituals, mass media, and military service. Used to combat socialism and feminism.
11) Feminist Beginnings
a. On both sides of the Atlantic, small number of these women began to develop a feminist consciousness that viewed women as individuals with rights equal to those of men.
b. 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton in NY paraphrased declaration of independence to saying men and women were created equal. 1870s focus of women's suffrage in West. The British Women's Social and Political Union organized campaign violence that included blowing up railroad stations, slashing works of art, smashing department store windows, and Emily Davison threw herself at the King's racehorse. by 1900s upperclass women gained enterence into universities. Female domination in social work in the US and nursing in Britiain. 1893 NZ 1st country to give the right to vote to all adult women. Women were thought of as selfish if they sacrificed the family for individual goals. It was thought working women would have birth defects due to stress and depopulate the earth. Women suffragists were seen as Jews "foreign body in our national life." In 1869 there was an independent women's school in Mexico and a feminsit newspaper in 1852 Brazil. Russian women operated circles which targetted the tzarist regimes. Islamic world and China supported women's education to strengthen nation in its development.
It is interesting to see that on both sides of the Atlantic, small number of these women began to develop a feminist consciousness that viewed women as individuals with rights equal to those of men. And, that it wasn't until 1848 that women really began to organize. What kept women away from progression in terms of equality to men? I think that women are raised by their parents in a way that supports their female gender. Society also contributes to this. And, biologically, women tend to accept these feminine ideals and find them suiting.
Atlantic Revolutions in a Global Context
1) 1730s
a. Safavid Dynasty of Persia collapsed.
b. Mughal empire in India fragmented.
c. Wahhabi movement in Arabia threatened the Ottoman Empire.
d. Under Catherine the Great, the Russian Empire peaseant uprisings (most noteable was Cossack commander Pugachev in 1773).
e. Taiping revolution in China from 1850-1864, serious rebellions in China.
f. Begining 19th century Islamic revolutions shook W. Africa.
g. S. Africa wars and migrations (mfecane) created new states and societies out of violence.
2) Costly wars strained European imperial states.
a. Britain, France, Spain, Seven Year's War (1754-1763).
b. Costs prompt Britain and France to increase taxes on their colonies and land owners.
c. Taxation triggers revolutions.
3) Atlantic Basin exchanges occured intellectually, culturally, biologically, and commercially.
a. Shared across the ocean by books, newspapers, and pamphlets. Abadoning right of king and church, controlled trade, and aristocratic priveledges. Favoring, arrangements in terms of social and political actions, new ideas of liberty, equality, free trade, religious tolerance, republicanism, human rationality, and "popular sovereignty"- authority to govern came from people, not God.
b. Englishman John Locke (1632-1704) argued the "social contract" between ruler and ruled and should last as long as it serves the people well.
c. Revolutionary French armies invaded Egypt, Poland, Germany, and Russia; spread ideas of change. Abolishment of slavery, right to vote, develop constitutions, further female equality.
4) American Revolution
a. Result of Englightenment ideals and oppressive British taxation imposing taxes without colonies consent and without their representation in British parliament.
b. Conservative movement that preserved exsisting liberties rather than create new ones. Colonists had democractic tendencies.
c. Few thought of breaking from England prior due to military protection, access to British markets, identity of settlers as Englishmen.
d. Adam Smith
e. James Madison - The Federalist Papers, revolution was new and noble course
f. New US constitution: Bill of Rights, checks and balances, separation of church and state, federalism
5) French Revolution
a. 1789, Louis XVI , called for representative body Estates General, consisting of males from clergy, nobility, and commoners to discuss imposing taxes on the upper classes, which was rejected by the upper classes. Reps from 3rd Estate organized in National Assembly and claimed sole authority to make laws in country, Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen- men remain free and equal in rights.
b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau- against natural law for small elite to get fat while majority goes hungry.
c. National Assembly decreed end of all legal priviledges and eliminated feudalism in France. Slavery was abolished. Church lands were sold to raise revenue. Priests were put under government authority. Eventually, granted right to religion to Jews and Protestants.
d. After King and Queen execution, Terror of 1793-1794 under Maximilien Robespierre and his Committee of Public Safety enemies of the revolution were killed. Robespierre was killed because of leading France into tyranny and dictatorship.
e. France became a republic and male suffrage was promoted. Old system of administration was rationalized into 83 territorial departments. The French implemented new calendar with 1 starting in 1792, looking ahead to start over with new ideals.
f. France has world's largest army (800,000 men) as it faces threats from neighbors.
g. Question of political female equality in France. 7000 Parisian women protested in Bastille Day. Women signed petitions with complaints: prostituion, male competition in female job market, price of bread, price of soap.
h. Women were not to be domineering otherwise that would make them men, so they were not granted political rights.
i. Replaced Catholic Church in registering births, marriages, deaths, and revolutionary holidays replaced religious.
j. French influence spread by conquest under Napolean Bonaparte (1799-1814). He preserved civil equality, secular law code, religious freedom, promotion by merit while reconciling with Catholic Church. He craeted the French empire as the largest since days of Rome. He ended feudalism, proclaimed equality in rights, promoted religious tolerance, codifyed laws, rationalized government administration. National resistence from Russia and Britain brought down Napolean in 1815.
6) The Haiti Revolution 1791-1804
a. Richest colony in world, 8000 plantations, produced 40% of world's sugar and half of its coffee.
b. Grand blancs- the rich white landowners wanted great autonomy for colony and fewer economic restrictions and were against the petits blancs- wanted equality of citizenship for all whites. Both were against freedom of the colored man.
c. Slave leader Toussaint Louverture overcame internal resistence, foreign powers, Napolean's attempt to reestablish French control.
d. Only successful slave revolt in history.
e. Formal declaration of Haiti's independence was January 1, 1804 with Jean-Jaques Dessalines as country's first head of state.
f. Haiti recognized all citizens as black and legally equal regardless of class or color.
g. Country's plantations for coffee and sugar were destroyed. Farmers produced for own need rather than previous export needs.
h. Means to end slavery rather than establishing political rights.
i. Napolean's defeat in Haiti encouraged him to sell the Lousiana purchase to the US.
7) Spanish American Revolutions, 1808-1825
a. Spain wanted greater power and increased taxes over colonies.
b. Creoles were familiar with Enlightenment ideals: popular soveignty, republican governemnt, and personal liberty.
c. Spanish colonies were governed in an authoritarian fashion unlike British, and were divided sharply in class, -> delay of movement of independence.
d. In 1808 Napolean invaded Spain and Portugal and removed King Ferdinand VII and exhiled Portugese royalty to Brazil. Latin colonies were in disarray which ended with most gaining independence by 1826. In 1810 peasants revolted as a result of hunger for land and high food prices; it was led by priests Miguel Hidalgo and Jose Morelos which was crushed by an army raised from creole landowners and church. Later the church and creole landowners brought Mexico to a socially controlled indepedence in 1821.
e. Latin American women were excluded from political life and remained under the control of their families, though some hosted revolutionary meetings and raised money, they were punished.
f. Latin Americans could not unite the colonies due to geography and poor communication.
g. Simon Bolivar and San Martin
h. Latin America became undeveloped, impoverished, undemocractic, politically unstable, and dependent of foreign technology and investment.
8) Echoes of Revolution
a. Britain became involved in Asia after its American loss, colonizing India and tangled in the Opium Wars in China
9) The Abolition of Slavery
a. Enlightenment thinkers in Europe thought of slavery as violating natural rights of every man.
b. England and New England were the prosperous regions and were based on free labor.
c. The Great Jamaica Revolution 1831-1832 promoted Britain to abolish slavery throughout its empire in 1833.
d. New era of industrial technology and capitalism linked moral virtue and economic success.
e. Russian tzar freed serfs out of fear of rebellion, economic inefficiency, and morality in 1861.
f. Labor shortages and new migration due to reluctance of slave workers to work plantations. Sharecropping replaced slavery in US, low wage and indebted workers.
g. South, blacks faced segregation laws, denial of voting rights, lynching, and racism.
h. Russia transferred land to peasants who remained indebted, Russia's peasant population grew and remained impoverished and politically volatile.
i. Europeans imposed colonial rule in Africa in the 19th century.
j. Islamic world there was no grassroots antislavery movements, but outlawed in the 20th century under international pressure.
10) Nations and Nationalism
a. Human community- the nation, was a result of the Atlantic Revolutions. The idea that humankind is divided into separate nations, each with distinct culture and territory, deserving an independent political life. People felt to be citizens of a nation tied by blood. Can draw on linguistic and cultural idenities. 1871 nationalism inspired the unification of both Germany and Italy. Greeks and Serbs asserted their independence from the Ottoman Empire. Czechs and Hungarians demanded more autonomy within the Austrian Empire. Poles and Ukrainians became more aware of their oppression in the Russian Empire. Irish sought home rule and separation from Great Britian. Zionist movement, seeking homeland in Palestine. Governments acted for their nation and instilled national loyality in their citizens, usually through school, public rituals, mass media, and military service. Used to combat socialism and feminism.
11) Feminist Beginnings
a. On both sides of the Atlantic, small number of these women began to develop a feminist consciousness that viewed women as individuals with rights equal to those of men.
b. 1848 Elizabeth Cady Stanton in NY paraphrased declaration of independence to saying men and women were created equal. 1870s focus of women's suffrage in West. The British Women's Social and Political Union organized campaign violence that included blowing up railroad stations, slashing works of art, smashing department store windows, and Emily Davison threw herself at the King's racehorse. by 1900s upperclass women gained enterence into universities. Female domination in social work in the US and nursing in Britiain. 1893 NZ 1st country to give the right to vote to all adult women. Women were thought of as selfish if they sacrificed the family for individual goals. It was thought working women would have birth defects due to stress and depopulate the earth. Women suffragists were seen as Jews "foreign body in our national life." In 1869 there was an independent women's school in Mexico and a feminsit newspaper in 1852 Brazil. Russian women operated circles which targetted the tzarist regimes. Islamic world and China supported women's education to strengthen nation in its development.
It is interesting to see that on both sides of the Atlantic, small number of these women began to develop a feminist consciousness that viewed women as individuals with rights equal to those of men. And, that it wasn't until 1848 that women really began to organize. What kept women away from progression in terms of equality to men? I think that women are raised by their parents in a way that supports their female gender. Society also contributes to this. And, biologically, women tend to accept these feminine ideals and find them suiting.
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