Chapter 15 Due 2/4/20

CHAPTER 15


I.  Introduction
   1.  "More than 60 percent of the world's professing Christians now live outside Europe and North America, and, within the United States, one in six catholic diocesan priests and one in three seminary students are foreign born" (Strayer, 643).
   2.  Early modern era gave birth to cultural trends that continue in the 21st century
 a. Spread of Christianity to Asians, Africans, and Native Americans
 b. Emergence of modern scientific outlook - challenged Western Christianity
   3. Science was a new and competeing world view and achieved acceptance greater than Christianity
   4. Asian, African, and Native American peoples determined how Christianity would be rejected, accepted, or transformed.
 a. Hinduism in S. Asia, Buddism in E. Asia, smaller scale religious traditions in Africa, Islam was expanding
II. The Globalization of Christianity
   1. Christendom stretched from Spain/England to Russia with small communities in Egypt, Ethiopia, S. India, and Central Asia
 a. Divided between Roman Catholics in West/Central Europe and the Eastern Orthodox of Eastern Europe/Russia.
 b.  1300 Muslims ousted Christian crusaders in their holding of the Holy Land
 c.  1453 Ottoman seized Constantinople, the capital of Eastern Orthodoxy
 d. 1529 Ottoman seize of Vienna, Muslims advance into Central Europe
A. Western Christendom Fragmented: The Protestant Reformation
   1. Roman Catholic Christianity (which for the past 1,000 yrs provided cultural and organizational foundation of an emerging W. European civilization) was shattered by the Protestant Reformation in 1517
 a. Martin Luther and 95 thesis
   2. Salvation came through faith alone, not teaching of church, but teaching of Bible alone interpreted by individual's conscience and called into question the church's authority
   3.  Ideas provided schism in Catholic Christendom
 a. Political leaders wanted to break away from Catholism and claim Catholic leader's taxes and lands
 b. Protestant idea was that all vocations were of equal merit
 c. Protestants furthered women's education and literacy (reading Bible to oneself)
   4. Lutheranism spread from Germany to France, Switzerland, and England because of the printing press.  Denominations were created to the Protestant church.
   5. French society was torn by violence between the Catholics and the Protestant minority known as the Huguenots
 a. Edict of Nantes 1598 - King Henry IV issues, granting religious tolerance to French Protestants w/ intention they will return to Catholic Church.
 b. Thirty Year War 1618-1648 - Catholic-Protestant struggle
 c. Peace of Westphalia 1648 - brings conflict to an end with agreement that each state controls its religious affairs, bring unity of Catholism to an end.
   6. Catholic Reformation
 a. Council of Trent 1545-1563 - Catholics clarified and confirmed unique doctrines and traditions.
 b. New religious orders formed, Society of Jesus
   7. Protestant reforms fostered religious individualism and opened space for new direction in European intellectual life.
   8. Christianity that established after was highly fragmented, renewed, and revitalized.
B. Christianity Outward Bound
   1. Christianity motivated European political adn economic expansion
   2. New England Puritans planted Protestant version of Christianity in N. America with an emphasis on education, moral purity, personal coversion, civic responsibility, and low tolerance for competing faiths.
 a.  Missionaries spread faith and were organized into sects: Dominicans, Franciscans, and Jesuits
   3. Missionaries had their greatest success in Spanish America and the Philippines
C. Conversion and Adaptation in Spanish America
   1. Spanish America and China are examples of how Christianity was accepted and rejected
   2. Europeans and their conquored in S. America saw their victory as a demonstration of power of the Christian God.  Spanish America native women lost their jobs in shamanism etc.
   3. In Mesoamerica the conquored used to keep their religion along with their conquorers, but the Europeans imposed chastity to Christianity, other religions were not accepted, but destroyed.
   4. Some in the Andes believed that the Spanish would be inflicted the same disease and conquoring that they brought with them by an alliance of their gods.
   5. Efforts to blend Christianity with Andean local religions were smashed by colonial authorities
   6. In Mexico Christianity was assimilated into local culture.  Mexico's Virgin of Guadalupe agreed on sacred motherhood and community priests were Spanish and staff leaders were locals of prestige
   7. Spanish might say a saint was angered to explain someone's illness instead of blaming a traditional god, or they may use a wax candle for worship
D. An Asian Comparison: China and the Jesuits
   1. China's political independence or cultural integrity was not threatened by European missionaries and traders.
 a. During Ming (1368-1644) and Qing (1644-1912) Dynasties
   2. Strong, independent, and confident China required Europeans to get permission from Chinese authorities to operate there.  Jesuits aimed at the Chinese elite and scholars.  They became familiar to Chinese culture and even dressed in Chinese clothes.  They pointed out simiarities between Christianity and Confuscianism.  They defined Chinese rituals honoring emperor or venerating ancestors as civil observances.
   3. A small number of Chinese converted to Christianity
   4. Missionaries offered little that Chinese wanted.
   5. Pope claims authority over Chinese Christians, Emperor Kangxi upset, many missionaries expelled and lost favor in court.
   6. Failure of Christianity in China because: miracles were superstitious and were believed by the uneducated, Holy Communion was viewed as a type of cannibalism, basis for peasant rebellion, missionaries could be spies, and missionaries could be supporting other political groups i.e. the Manchurian Qing Dynasty.
III. Persistence and Change in Afro-Asian Cultural Traditions (659).
   1. African religions were taken with slaves, and sometimes blended with Christianity.  Also practiced divination, dream interpretation, visions, spiritual possessions.  Europeans viewed this as devil worship and tried to supress them.  Vodou in Haiti, Santeria in Cuba, Candomble and Macumba in Brazil
   A. Expansion and Renewal in the Islamic World
 1.  Expansion of Islam included incorporating it local religious systems and studying its rituals, cosmologies, literatures.  Spanded from sub-saharan Africa, E. and W. of India, central and SE Asia
 2. Islamization was a product of scholars, holy men, sufis, and traders, not conquorers.  Muslims married locals, advised leaders, established informal schools of Arabic, offered a connection to the prosperous Islamic world. African muslim slaves even took it to Brazil.
 3. Javanese practiced spirit worship which coexsisted with Islam.  Sumatra islamic dietary code and charity custom was enforced.
 4.  There was conflict between traditional islam and blended islam, war in west Africa took aim at corrupt islamic practices, SE and Central Asia tension between localized and blended islam and those who sought to purify it
 5. Muhammed Ibn al-Wahhab, Islamic scholar, Ottoman empire weakened as idolatry spread: veneration of sufi saints/tombs, adoration of natural sites, respect of Mohammad's tomb
 6. Wahhabi movement took root in central Arabia by its ruler Muhammad Ibn Saud: tombs were razed, idols forbidden, books on logic were destroyed, use of tobacco/hashish and musical instruments eliminated, taxes that were not authorized by religious teachings abolished
 7.  Women had a right to consent to marriage, control her dowry, divorce, and engage in commerce.  Did not require women to be covered and allowed mixing of the sexes.  Women would be stoned if they had adulturous sexual intercourse after multiple warnings.
 8.  European west was resisted in islamic affairs- political, military, an cultural.
   B. China: New Directions in an Old Tradition
 1. Reformation in Europe was dramatic compared to changes in China and India.
 2. Neo-confucianism - Confucian framework enriched by buddhaism and daoism, new system of thought
 3.  Promoted excessive individualism, people could do things the priests would do at home, and they can use their thinking to made good decisions and live a good life.
 4.  Kaozheng- research based on evidence, seek truth from facts.
 5.  Plays, paintings, and short shorties were Chinese entertainment.
   C. India: Bridging the Hindu/Muslim Divide
 1. Akbar combined elements of Islam, Zoroastrianism, and Hinduism together. He welcomed Christian art.
 2.  Devotional form of hinduism: bhakti.  Songs, prayers, dance, poetry, and rituals made followers achieve union with deities, set aside caste distinctions and Brahmin rituals, helped bring hindus and muslims together.
 3. Mirabai
 4. No hindu, no muslim only God. - Guru Nanak, Punjab. Bhakti movement.  Closed hindu/muslim divide. Ignored class distinctions/untouchability. Equality of men and women. Guru Granth. Golden Temple of Amritsar. Sikh men had long hair and beards, turbans, an small swords.  Sikhs encountered hostility from hindus and Mughal Empire. Sikism evolved from peaceful movement to militarism valued by the British.
IV. A New Way of Thinking: The Birth of Modern Science
 1.Knowledge acquired through rational inquiry based on evidence, product of human minds. mid 16th century- early 18th century. Scientific Revolution.  Intellectual and cultural transformation.  No longer rely on Bible, Church, ancient philosophers. Copernicus from Poland, Galileo from Italy, Descartes from France. Newton from England.
 2. Modern science became universal worldview
   A. The Question of Origins: Why Europe?
 1. 800 and 1400 Arabs advanced in Science, several cen after 1000 China was unmatched in tech and growth accomplishments
 2. European Legal Revolution 12 and 13 cen, independence  for a variety of institutions. Corporation.
 3. Universities emerged.  Scholars could pursue studies free from Church.
 4. Quran held all wisdom.  Natural science viewed with speculation. Colleges known as madrassas in Islamic world.  Chinese universities did not let scholars study freely.  They had to prepare for Confucian exams.
 5. Europeans had information exchange. Arab works provided information on medicine, astronomy, and translated Greek classics.  Europeans became aware of new lands, peoples, plants, animals, societies, and religions.
   B. Science as Cultural Revolution
 1. Earth was stationary and center of universe - old view.
 2. Scientific Revolution, Copernicus, 1543, On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, sun was the center of the universe and the earth and other planets revolved around it.
 3. Humans and others inhabited other worlds. Kelper showed that planets followed elliptical orbit. Galileo developed improved telescope. Pascal infinte universe.
 4. Sir Isaac Newton formed modern laws of motion and mechanics.  Gravity.
 5. New belief, universe was not propelled by supernatural forces, but could function on its own according to scientific principles.
 6. Scientists dissected cadavers and animals.
 7. Reformers of science were mainly males.  Women excluded from universities.  Some took part in astronomical work as assistants.  Some informally took part by marriage and wealth.
 8. Bruno was burned at stake, Galileo asked to rennounce beliefs.  Catholic Church against Science.
 9. None of the early scientists rejected Christianity.
C. Science and Enlightenment
 1. Scientific thought, reason, and analysis was applied to human affairs not just physical universe.  Adam Smith (1723-1790) formulated laws that governed the economy.
 2. Enlightenment thinkers believed in the power of knowledge to transform society.  John Locke (1632-1704) offered principles for constructing a constitutional government, a contract between rulers and ruled that was created by human ingenuity rather than divinely prescribed.
 3. Voltaire introduced deism- "[a belief in an] abstract and remote deity, sometimes compared to a clock maker, who created the world, but not in a personal God who interevened with history or tampered with natural law" (Strayer, 671-672). Pantheists - God and nature were identical.
 4. Women were world's art and inferior to men.
 5. Some journals confronted the male views on women as nonsense
 6. In Europe birth in an aristocratic class or military family placed one in government while in China selected scholars suited for the job landed government jobs.  Europeans imagined a Europe without their supernatural religion, but like Confucianism-tolerant,rational, moral, and secular
 7.The idea of progress made the enlightenment possible and revolutionary.  Human society could be changed and guided by human reason, no longer fixed in divine command or tradition.
 8. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778) fostered children's learning by immersion in nature, which taught self-reliance and generosity rather than greed and envy, abandoned book learning.  Romantic movement in art and literature appealed to emotion, intuition, passion, and imagination rather than cold reason and scientific learning.  Methodist movement emphasized Bible study and religious awakening in Protestantism based on personal experience of sin and redemption
 9. Quakers- believed in tolerance, abuse of hierarchy, inner light, benevelent God
   D. Looking Ahead: Science in the Nineteenth Century and Beyond
 1. Enligthenment challenged by romanticism and religious ethusiasm. 
 2. Charles Darwin (1809-1882) argued that all life was in constant change.  Competition for survival led animals and plants to evolved into new species while others went extinct.
 3. Karl Marx (1818-1883) says conflicting social classes drove history.
 4. Marx and Darwin used conflict an struggle rather than reason and education as pushers of progress.
 5. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) applied scientific techniques to examine the human mind and emotions
 6. 20th century developement in physics i.e. relativeity and quantam theory, which questioned the Newtonian world views.
   E. European Science and beyond the West
 1. For example the telescope was a hit in Europe with big discoveries, but was not a sucess in Asia.
 2. Chinese seeked Jesuit knowledge such as map making and predicting eclipses, but the Jesuits withheld knowledge that didn't agree with the Church such as a sun centered universe, and this made them loose Chinese interest.
 3. 1720 Japanese book ban was lifted.  Amazed the research in anatomy as disection was for outcasts in Japan. 19th century Japan was forced open to Western penetration.
 4. Ottomans were not interested in European intellectual works and did not translate them.  They were Islamic developers.
 5. Conservative Islam gave Muslim and European intellectuals a challenge.
   F. Cultural Borrowing and Its Hazards
 1. Ideas shape mental and cultural world which influences behaviors.  W. Hemisphere was soildly Christian while a Wahhabi version of Islam is practiced in Saudi Arabia.
 2. Borrowing of ideas.  Filippinos, Native Americans, and Siberians borrowed ideas of Christianity from Europeans. Europeans borrowed scientific knowledge from Muslims.
 3. Borrowing was selective rather than whole sale and also took place under foreign domination or colonial rule.
 4. Borrowing caused conflict.
 5. Foreign ideas were domesticated to reduce conflict.
 6. Global cultural borrowing tensions increased in 19th century.

Reflections
+  I think that the conflicts of cultural borrowing will make for an interesting paper.
+  The textbook is inaccurate in the Hindu-Muslim section.  Hindus and Muslims in India did not get along under the Mughal Empire.  The rulers of the Mughal Empire imposed harsh laws on Hindus and slaughtered many.  Mughal rulers had little tolerance for other religions, and I highly doubt they hung Christian art in their palaces.