Chapter 14 (first half due 1/23/20 with second half due 1/28)

CHAPTER 14 Economic Transformations: Commerce and Consequence 1450-1750

I.  Introduction
  1.  Slaves went from coast of Ghana in W. Africa to America
  2.  International networks of exchang shaped human interactions 1450-1750
 a.  Europeans a part of spice trade in Indian Ocean -> new relationships with Asian   societies
 b.  Silver from Spanish America made it's way to China
  1.  Europeans traded with Asians better
  2.  Europe was enriched
 c.  Fur from N. America and Siberia found markets in Europe and China
  1.  Hunting transformed animal environments and human societies
 d.  SE Asians, Chinese, Indians, Armenians, Arabs, Africans, and Native Americans shaped   word economy in modern era as well.
  3.  "New World" emerged 
 a.  Disrupted old patterns and made new relationships
 b.  Brought people into contact with one another
 c.  Some impoverished or enslaved
 d. New ways of expressing status
 e. Enriched some
II.  Europeans and Asian Commerce
     1.  European explorations of Asia
 a. Columbus accidently discovers America looking for Asia
 b. Vasco da Gama (1497-1499), a Portugese Mariner, discovers Calicut in India in 1498  by sailing along Africa's coasts and across Indian Ocean
 c.  Europeans were aware of commercial market's wealth, but not it's workings
     2.  Motive for massive efforts were for tropical spices (cinnamon, nutmeg, mace, cloves, and  PEPPER) used for condiments, preservatives, and aphrodisiacs, as well as Chinese silk,  Indian cotton, medicinal rhubarb, emeralds, rubies, and sapphires were all in demand.
     3.  General recovery of European civilization after Black Death in 14th Century
 a.  15th Century population was growing again
 b.  Monarchs in Spain, Portugal, France, and England were learning how to tax subjects  effectively
 c.  Building strong military forces with the use of gunpowder
 d.  Cities were becoming centers of international commerce -> economies based on  market exchange, private ownership, and accumulation of capital for further investment
    4.  Eastern goods came to Mediterranean through the Middle East from the Indian Ocean                  commercial networks.
 a.  Source of supply laid in Muslim hands
 b.  Venice largely monopolized the European trade in Eastern goods, Venetians resented  Muslim monopoly on Indian Ocean trade, Europeans didn't like relying on Venice as well  as Muslims for trade.
    5.  Europe had less developed products to trade with Asia so they paid cash - silver or gold for  Asian spices and textiles.
 a. Trade deficit
    6.  Europeans contributed to new globalized trade
A.  A Portuguese Empire of Commerce
    1.  European goods were unable to compete effectively in Asian markets
 a.  Portuguese ships had cannons -> piracy
 b.  15th Century, China withdrew fleet from Indian Ocean -> free lanes
 c.  Diversity of trading networks: Mainly Muslim, Hindus, Buddhists, Christians, Jews,  Chinese.
 e. Africans, Arabs, Persians, Indians, Malays, traded freely
     2.  European economy lagged behind the Asian, but Europeans had advanced naval  technology and warfare.
 a.  Portuguese established forts: Mombasa in E. Africa, Hormuz at enterence of Persian  Gulf, Goa in India, Malacca in SE Asia, Macao China.
  1.  Bases obtained forcibly and through bribery
   3. Portuguese Trading Post Empire
 a.  Aimed to control commerce not territory by force of arms not economic competition
 b.  Portuguese authorities in the East required all merchant vessels to purchase a cartaz  (pass) which they paid duties of 6%-10% on their cargo.
 c.  Blocked Red Sea route to Mediterranean for century
 d.  Monopolized highly profitable route around Africa to Europe
 e.  Never succeeded in controlling more than half of the spice trade to Europe.
  4.  Portuguese failed to dominate Indian Ocean commerce
 a.  Sold ship shipping services to and from Asian ports
  5.  1600- Portuguese trading post empire was in decline
 a.  Country was over extended
 b.  States (Japan, Burma, India, Persia, and Oman) resisted Portuguese control as well as  other European countries
B. Spain and the Philippines
  1.  Spain is Portugal's competitor
 a. Ferdinand Magellan's round the world voyage (1519-1521) discovers the Philippines  and names it after Spanish king Philip II.
 b.  No centralized power in Philippines
 c.  China and Japan not interested in Philippines
  2.  Spanish colonized the Philippines
 a.  Remained Spanish territory until end of 19th century following the Spanish-America  War of 1898
  3.  Major missionary effort -> Filipino society only major outpost of Christianity in Asia
  4.  Ppl in Filipino societies forced to move into concentrated Christian societies, tribute, taxes, and unpaid labor was everyday life, large land estates emerged, women displaced by Spanish,  a.  small revolts and fleeing to mountains were Filipino response to Spanish
  5.  Manila 1600 flourishing
 a.  Japanese and Chinese immigrants
 b.  Immigrants resisted conversion and earned Spanish hostility
  1.  Periodic Chinese revolts, explusions, and massacres
  2. 1603 Spanish killed 20,000 Chinese, nearly entire population of island
C.  The East India Companies 
  1.  Dutch and British organized trading ventures through private trading companies
 a.  were able to raise money and share risks among many merchant-investors
 b.  Recieved charters from their governments
  1.  Made them trading monopolies
  2. war power
  3. govern conquered people
 c. Dutch focused on Indonesia
 d.  British focused on India
 e.  French established settlements along Indian Ocean basin
  2.  Dutch seize small spice producing islands
 a.  Spices sold only to the Dutch -> high profits and monopolized trade
 b. Banda Islands, Dutch destroyed population and replaced with Dutch farmers
  3.  Dutch East India Company establishes itself in Taiwan
 a.  Locals unwilling to cooperate in commercial agriculture -> Dutch opened colony to  large scale Chinese immigration - co-colonization
 b.  Later Chinese expel Dutch and make Taiwan a part of China
  4.  British East India Company
 a.  Less financed and less commercially sophisticated than the Dutch East India Company
 b.  Established 3 main trading settlements: Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras
 c.  No match to powerful Mughal Empire
 d.  Villages in S. India became specialized producers for British market
  5.  English and Dutch profits from Asian trade allowed them to purchase Asian goods w/o paying for them in gold or silver.
 a. Began to deal in bulk
 b. Expanded from luxury goods to mass market ie coffee and tea
 c.  Evolved into the British ruling India and the Dutch controlling Indonesia
D.  Asians and Asian Commerce
   1.  European political control was limited to the Philippines, parts of Java, and a few spice islands.
   2.  Japan had conflicts between feudal lords (daimyo)
 a.  Japanese welcomed Europeans for military technologies, shipbuilding skills,  geographic knowledge, commercial opportunities, and religious ideas.
  3.  Shogun united Japan politically
 a. Banned Christianity
 b. Only traded with Dutch, expelled other Europeans
 c. Traded with China, Korea, and SE Asia
  4.  Japanese had traders in SE Asia who used force to support commercial interests -> disavowed by Japanese government
  5.  Overland trade w/i Asia remained wholly in Asian hands and grew considerably
 a.  Advanced networks equivalent to those in Europe
  6.  India had large and wealthy family firms
 a. Vijri Vora in 17th Century monopolized the buying and selling of paticular products and dictates terms and prices to European companies
III. Silver and Global Commerce
  1.  Silver discovered in Japan and Bolivia increased supply 16 century
 a.  Spanish America alone produced perhaps 85 % of world's silver in early modern era.
   2. "1570s Chinese authorities consolidated a variety of tax levies into a single tax, which its huge population was now required to pay in silver" (Strayer, 612).
 a. Silver's value skyrocketed
 b. Foreigners with silver could purchanse more Chinese goods
   3.  Most of the silver ended up in China
   4.  Silver generated more inflation of prices rather than economic growth for Spain
 a. Silver was not used productively by Spanish because of leisure aristocractic class,  economy laced with monopolies and regulations, and religious uniformity
 b. Spanish could afford to purse political ambitions in Europe and Americas
   5.  Value of silver dropped in early 17th Century
 a.  Spain lost dominance in Europe
 b. flood of American silver in Europe drove prices higher
 c. impoverished many ->uprisings
   6.  In Japan silver profits were used by the Shogun to defeat rivals and unify the country
 a. Shoguns allied with domestic merchant class to create a market based economy and invest in agricultural and industrial enterprise
 b. Japan's 19th century industry revolution had roots in this time where forests were  protected, Japanse took steps for fewer childern, highly commercialized economy
   7.  In China silver deepened commercialization of their economy
 a.  To get silver for taxes Chinese had to sell something - > Chinese economy became more regionally specialized
   8.  China fueled global commerce
IV. "The World Hunt": Fur in Global Commerce
   1.  Fur trade integrated N. America and N. Asia into world trade
   2.  1500 European population growth and agricultural expansion led to decline in fur animals -> Little Ice Age increased demand and costs of fur -> Economic incentive for Europeans to get furs from N. America
   3.  Fur -> Imperial Expansion
 a. French in St. Lawrence valley/Great Lakes/Missisippi River
 b. British in Hudson Bay region
 c. Dutch in Hudson River
 d. S. colonies of British in America, Deerskins
   4.  Native Americans cheap and not coerced labor force to bring furs to European trading posts
   5.  Furbearing animal's population and habitat declining, depleted, and devasteted.  Beaver and deer.
   6.  Native Americans benefited from fur trade.  Exchanged furs for reasonable goods.  Protection from extinction.
   7.  Diseases and firearms made warfare more deadly than before
   8.  Native Americans rented land to Europeans, traded for gunpowder and weapons, iron pots/tools
   9.  "In short, it was not so much the fur trade itself that decimated Native American societies, but all that accompanied it-disease, dependence, guns, alcohol, and the growing encroachment of European colonial empires" (Strayer, 619).
  10.  European traders married native women which eased the cultural exchange
  11.  Furs were found in Russia and were paid for with American gold and silver.  Led to Russia's expansion.
   12.  Russian tax payable in fur, indiginous ppl - Siberians dependent on Russian goods
V. Commerce in People: The Atlantic Slave Trade (620)
   1.  Atlantic slave trade went, Middle Passage, 1500-1866
   2.  Slave trade disrupted, strengthened, and corrupted societies in Africa.  Elites got rich.
   3.  African diaspora (spread of African people) introduced African culture such as religious ideas, musical, artistic, and cuisine into the making of American culture.
      A.  The Slave Trade in Context
 1.  Before 1500 slave trade was practiced as Russians were enslaved, in African societies, and Mediterranean slavery.
 2.  Slaves could be integrated into owner's households, lineages, or communities.  Most in premodern world worked in households, farms, shops, agricultural and industrial enterprises.  Some in the Islamic world reached a prominent political or military status.
 3.  American slavery was distinct because of immense size, centrality to economy, based on plantation agriculture, treated slaves as dehumanized property, inherited status from generation to generation.
 4.  Sugarcane Plantations were first modern industry
  a. required huge capital
  b. substantial technology
  c. factory discipline among workers
  d. mass market of consumers
  e. limitations of serf labor and absense of wageworkers pointed to slavery
  f.  Plantations established in Mediterranean and W. Africa
 5.  Before African slavery, slavs were used.  Pope grants permission to Kings of Spain and Portugal for enslaving muslims and nonchristians.  Native Americans had died from diseases.  There were European indentured servants - work for fixed period for food, shelter, and transportation were expensive.  Africans were skilled famers, had immunity to some disease, nonchristian, close at hand, and numerous. 
 6.  Africans were enslaved because they were black and dumb.
 7.  Slavery and racism went hand in hand.
       B.  The Slave Trade in Practice
 1.  Europeans delt with African authorities as equals and waited for them to bring captured slaves to their forts or ships along the coast to stay away from catching tropical diseases.
 2.  African authorities were in control.
 3.  "In exchange for slaves, African sellers sought both European and Indian textiles, cowrie shells (widely used as money in W. Africa), European metal goods, firearms and gunpowder, tobacco and alcohol, and various decorative items such as beads" (Strayer, 625).  Europeans bought these items with silver, the slave trade connected with silver and textiles in the global market/commerce. 
 4.  Some slaves commit suicide by leaping into the ocean because they didn't want to leave their country.
 5.  1700-1850 boom of slave trade.  Slaves were also transported to Asia.
 6.  Africans did not generally sell their own people into slavery.  Slaves came from West and South Central Africa and were prisoners of war, criminals, debtors, outsiders, and pawned people.  Had no concept of African identity as there were villages, cities, kings etc.
 7.  Middle Passage had mortaity rate of 14%
 8.  Slaves rebelled and fled.  Palmares in  Brazil was remoted village for those fleeing slavery.  Haitian Revolution of 1790s was a full scale revolt that ended slavery.
       C.  Consequences: The Impact of the Slave Trade in Africa
 1.  Emerging European centered world economy.  Africa was connected.
 2.  Slave trade slowed Africa's growth.  Sub-saharan Africa was 18% of worlds population in 1600 and 6% in 1900.
 3.  Slave trade produced economic stagnation and social disruption
  a.  Slave traders in Africa were not investing in productive capacities of their societies
  b.  No breakthroughs with technology that increased wealth in society
 4.  African societies were morally corrupt from slave trade
  a.  Lemba cult movement brought together mercantile elite controlled things (envy of poor causing stomach pains, markets, and arrangement of elite marriages) via ritual ceremony.
 5.  More African men were slaves than women.
 6.  African women who were involved in politcis and commerce married Europeans - siganres, became wealthy and operated own trading empires.
 7.  African women in Africa had careers in politics.
 8.  Africans raided African villages that lacked protection.
 9.  Kingdom of Benin avoided deep involvement in slave trade while Kingdom of Dahomey had vigorous participation in it.
       D.  Economic Globalization - Then and Now
 1.  Our lives are similar and different from those in the past
 2.  Globalization started in early modern history
  a. global circulation of goods
  b. international currency
  c. production for a world market
  d. growing economic role of West in global stage
  e. private enterprises (Dutch East India Company and British East India     Company)
  f. operations on a world scale
  g.  national governments eagers to support merchants in competative     environments
  h. 18th century Europeans used China, wore Indian cotton, drank chocolate    from Mexico, tea from China, and coffee from Yemen, using sugar from     Caribbean and Brazil
 3.  Difference was scale and speed in then and now
 4.  In modern times slavery and empire building diminished, then econmic life was primarily preindustrial powered by human and animal muscles, wind, and water.  It lacked enormous productive capacity compared to the later technological breakthrough of the steamengine and industrial revolution.